Arabic names of the planets

Sun
شَمْس ‎(šams) f: pre-Islamic Arabic, from common Semitic *śamš-
Moon
قَمَر ‎(qamar) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, not shared with any other Semitic languages (except where it was adopted from Arabic)

Mercury
عُطَارِد (ʿuṭārid) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, of unclear origin
† الكَاتِب (al-kātib) m: literally "scribe", a variant name in the medieval Islamic West (Andalusia and Maghreb), from traditional Babylonian-Hellenistic associations of the mercurial god with writing
Venus
الزُّهَرَة ‎(al-zuhara) f: pre-Islamic Arabic, literally "the shining one", from the root z-h-r, perhaps related to the (pagan) Hebrew name for Venus preserved in the Greek transcription ζερουα zeroua (Epiphanius, Panarion)
نَجْم الصَبَاح ‎(najm al-ṣabāh [f]) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, "morning star", lit. "star of the morning"
نَجْم الْمَسَاء (najm al-masāʾ [m]) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, "evening star", lit. "star of the evening"
Mars
الْمِرِّيخ ‎(al-mirrīḵ) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, etymology unknown
Jupiter
الْمُشْتَرِي ‎(al-muštarī) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, literally "the purchaser"; either from Akkadian muštarīlu (of the same meaning), or the source of that word
† (barjīs) m: pre-Islamic (?) Arabic, rarer variant
Saturn
زُحَل ‎(zuḥal) m: pre-Islamic Arabic, literally "exalted one"
† الْمقاتل (al-muqātil) m: literally "the fighter", variant in the medieval Islamic West
Uranus
أُورَانُوس ‎(ʾūrānūs) m: from common European Uranus
Neptune
نِبْتُون (nabtūn) m: from common European Neptun-
Pluto
بْلُوتُو (balūtū) m: from common European Pluto(n)

Sources: Encyclopedia of Islam (s.v. Shams, ˁUṭārid, Mushtarī, Zuhara, Zuḥal), Wiktionary, UIO Etymological Dictionary of Arabic, 

Hellenizations, Latinizations:
Late ancient
Sampsa (šams)
(Aelius Herodianus et Pseudo-Herodianus, De Prosodia catholica, s.v. Σάμψα)

Byzantine

Khamar Χαμάρ (qamar), Zebō Ζέβω ([najm al-]ṣabāh)

(Bartholomaeus Edessenus [Bartholomew of Edessa], Confutatio Agareni [Refutation of the Arab])

Medieval Latin
Yazemiz (šams), Camar (qamar), Hotarit (ʿuṭārid), Zohara ‎(zuhara), Marech ‎(al-mirrīḵ), Misteri ‎(muštarī), Zohal ‎(zuḥal)
(Picatrix)